Final REview
Key Terms
- Mechanical digestion is the breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces of food, this way, they can be swallowed and accessed by digestive enzymes.
- During Chemical digestion enzymes break down food into small molecules that can be used by the body.
- The mouth is where the food goes in, it is the first step in the digestive system.
- Teeth grind up food to the point that you can swallow it.
- Saliva moistens food, that way it is easier to chew.
- Amylase is an enzyme found in saliva, it starts to break chemical bonds in starches, this makes sugar.
- A bolus is the clump of food that goes down the throat.
- The esophagus is a tube connecting the throat and stomach.
- Peristalsis are the muscles that move the bolus down the esophagus.
- The stomach is a muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments.
- Chyme is an oatmeal-like mixture, it is what the food becomes when it is mixed with hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
- The duodenum is where most of the digestive enzymes enter the intestine. The small intestine is where most of the chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs.
- Villi contain microvilli, they move the chyme while the microvilli move absorb nutrients.
- The large intestine, aka colon, removes water from undigested material.
- The Liver assists the Pancreas in digestion of fats, and the liver uses bile.
- The Gallbladder is a sac of bile.
- The pancreas breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The pancreas also produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, it also produces a carbonate.
- Urea-a compound, CO(NH 2) 2, occurring in urine and other body fluids as a product of protein metabolism
- Homeostasis-Balance among elements inside of the body
- Kidney-Remove urea and other wastes; regulate water; adjust amounts of certain substances
- capsule-a membranous sac or closure
- vein-a blood vessel
- artery-A blood vessel from the heart to somewhere else in the body
- nephron-the filtering and excretory unit of the kidney
- glomerulus-a tuft of convoluted capillaries in the nephron of a kidney, functioning to remove certain substances from the blood before it flows into the convoluted tubule
- Large intestine-collects solid waste
- Anus-removes solid waste
- Ureters-Ureters transport urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
- Urinary bladder-stores urine until it is released from the body.
- Skin-Produce sweat
- mscle fiber-Because skeletal muscle cells are long and slender, they are often called muscle fibers.
- myofibril-tightly packed filament bundles
- myosin- thick filaments of a protein
- actin-thin filaments of a protein
- sarcomere-Two Z lines and the filaments between them make up a unit
- Skeletal Muscles-Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones.
- Smooth Muscles-Smooth muscle cells are so named because they don’t have striations and, therefore, look “smooth” under the microscope.
- Cardiac Muscle-Cardiac muscle is found in just one place in the body—the heart.
- myocardium-a muscle layer around the heart, made of epithelial and connective tissue
- atrium-The upper chamber of the heart
- ventricle-The lower chamber of the heart
- valve-connective tissue between the atria and ventricles.
- artery -large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
- capillaries -The smallest vessels of the body
- vein-Brings blood to the heart from the capillaries
- nose-The first part of the respiratory system
- pharynx-The back of your throat
- trachea- Windpipes
- larynx- Vocal cords
- bronchus-the treelike structures inside the lungs
- alveolus-Air sacs on the tips of the Bronchioles.
- diaphragm-A muscle that contracts to allow more air into the lungs.
- Cerebrum-The main part of your brain
- Spinal Cord-Controls reflexes
- Brain Stem-Does involuntary functions
- Cerebellum-Keeps balance
- Limbic System-Creates emotion
Review Games
Reflection
The human body consists of many systems. They are not as complex as I thought they would be. In this project, I enjoyed learning more than I would have from a lecture. The weebly website was easy to use, and it was kind of fun. I did not enjoy that we needed to make a lot of zondles. I liked that we had a reasonable amount of time to do this huge project. I don’t like that we got this entire project all at once. It would have been easier if we had a due date for each of the systems so we wouldn’t procrastinate.